Diabetes mellitus is a pathological process associated with disorders in the endocrine system, which develops as the consequences of relative or absolute causes of the lack of insulin hormone. The result is a sharp increase in the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia factor).
A characteristic feature of the disease is a violation of metabolism at all systemic levels and a chronic course. In order to more deeply realize the complexity of diabetes, the danger of multiple disorders that accompany the disease, it is necessary to thoroughly reveal the concepts of the energy entity and metabolic processes.
For the harmonious functioning of all body systems, energy is vital. The body cannot generate independently, so it consumes it from external resources.
One of the special and important transporters of unique energy is the food base. Carbohydrate complexes, as components of food, are supplied to organisms of people within 50-75% of energy as a whole.
Carbohydrates are the most multiple organic substances on the earth's surface, they are kept at the cellular level in all living matter. They transfer energy to organs, giving life and prosperity to all systems.
But the body itself does not synthesize carbohydrates, but takes them with food. The largest number of these elements is concentrated in plant cells.
Carbohydrates are divided into simple (or monosaccharide) and complex (or polysaccharide). The first type includes glucose and fructose, the second - cellulose, starch, glycogen. The assimilation of all types occurs with varying degrees of speed. Monosaccharides, as an energy base, enter the bloodstream at a rapid pace, producing a sharp increase in sugar level. The polysaccharide process of assimilation is very slow. The main role of polysaccharides is the stabilization and quality of digestion in the intestinal department and the excretion of toxic substances and slag complexes.
Glucose is a dominant energy supplier, it is not free in the publication in food. Its formation occurs by the decay of third -party carbohydrates during food processing, after which it is transported to the blood. The sugar level invariably increases at the same time. Then, under the control and action of insulin, glucose passes into a cage. Having moved inside, glucose carries out a metabolic process.
Adjusting sugar process
The paramount function in the adjustment of carbohydrate metabolic processes belongs to the pancreatic hormone - insulin. Pancreatic (pancreas) is an organ that is responsible for the functionality and development of internal and external secretion. Internal secretion produces antagonist hormones: insulin and glucagon. External secretion contributes to the development of a substance that normalizes digestion. These hormones are produced by feeding beta cells. Insulin reduces sugar, and glucagon increases.
With an increased level of glucose, insulin is thrown into the bloodstream and provokes the penetration of glucose into the cell. Food contributes to the addition of insulin, so sugar does not increase, its level is stable. Excess glucose is stored in the liver, like glucagon, which, as necessary, is transformed into glucose. With a deficiency of glucose, glucagon retains glycogen, successfully transferring it to the consistency of glucose, more than giving energy to the body.
The normal level of glucose ranges from 75 to 115 mg/DL in the morning, before eating. Then, after eating, the glucose level reaches 125-145 mg/DL.
Types of diabetes
- insulin -dependent form (type 1 diabetes mellitus);
- Insulinone -dependent form (type 2 diabetes mellitus).
The first type of pathology is the inability of pancreatic cells to the development of the right amount of insulin (production may be absent at all). The causes of such failures are both the complete death of the gland cells and adverse factors - viruses, stresses, a weak immune system, incorrect eating, inflammation of any form directly in pancreatic and excess fat.
Type 1 diabetes requires compulsory insulin injections according to strict graphics.
The second type of disease, insulin -dependent, is more common, characterized by the development of a sufficient insulin norm, but the body does not perceive it, the result is a small dose of insulin. The causes are different: from obesity to diseases of the internal organs, thyroid gland and pituitary gland. An important point is the use of medicines of different spectrum.
Signs
With both types of disease, sugar cannot absorb at the cellular level, and it is rooted in the blood cells, which forces them to starve them energetically. Signs of diabetes of both types are the same - this is multiple urination, in large quantities, the desire to drink a lot of fluids, reducing body weight with good nutrition, increased fatigue, low regeneration of the skin, the appearance of wounds and purulent formations.
The differences in the signs are only as follows: the first type develops in the shortest possible time and is quite bright. In patients with the second type of ailment, it proceeds latent, without signs and can make itself felt random. In the examined urine of such people, sugar is found, the presence of which is abnormal. In the urine of patients, the first type is sugar and acetone.
Treatment
The first type is treated with constant injections of insulin according to the schedule, and if type 2 diabetes has developed,It is prescribed hypoglycemic treatment with medicines that reduce sugar concentration. The moment of an integrated approach and proper therapy is important here.
Oral medicines
- At the initial stage of the disease, the treatment of A-glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylmochevina preparations are effective.
- Medications - Biguanides.
- Plant drugs, folk remedies, various dietary supplements are effectively used in the treatment of diabetes.
It is important to know and understand that the disease is insidious and dangerous complications. In all directions, they creep quietly and in the future can lead to disability, and often deaths.
Possible problems
- Periodontal disease, stomatitis.
- Liver disease.
- Disorders in the gall system.
- Violation in the brain and malfunctions in the blood supply.
- Diseases of visual channels and various lesions, possibly blindness.
Diet
Therapeutic food is scientifically called "Diet Nine Nine", which is prescribed strictly by order of the doctor, by the type of disease. It is important to focus on the directed principle, for example, the exclusion of fried, spicy, salty and spicy food. Down with canned blanks and alcohol, also remove sweets. Strict control and limitation of fat, fractional techniques of food. Diet in diabetes is the main component of maintaining a relatively normal state.
With type 1 diabetes
The dietary rules with this type are aimed at the correct calculation of the bread unit or carbohydrates in food. It is important not food itself, but quantitative parameters.
The account is maintained: single food consumption with 7-8 bread units, in carbohydrates up to 90 grams. Before eating, an insulin dosage and a bread amount in units are always calculated before meals. The completely sweet liquid of any kind is excluded.
With type 2 diabetes
Here, most importantly, to stabilize carbohydrate processes. In treatment, exercise is used and a decrease in food consumption by calorie content. The calculation is conducted by an individual program.
Allowed products
- Mushroom and vegetable broth, beetroot soup, okroshka, low -fat fish decoction.
- Low -fat pieces of beef, veal, rabbit, chicken fillet.
- Rye and wheat types of bread, bran.
- Fish without fat: you can boiled and baked.
- Small cheeses, sour -milk kitchen, yogurts.
- Egg is up to 2 pieces per week, and only protein. The yolk is occasionally.
- Millet, barley porridge, buckwheat, oatmeal and pearl barley
- Salad foliage, pumpkin, cucumber, tomatoes, zucchini, cabbage and eggplant. Vegetables are preferably boiled and baked. Potatoes are very small.
- Fruits and berries without sweetness, for example, apples, grapefruit. Juices and compotes on a sorbiti.
Forbidden products
- Fat meat broth.
- Fatty meat of any kind.
- Pies, rolls, sdoba.
- Fat fish.
- Any type of pickles and smoking.
- Fish and meat in canned goods, in oil solutions, caviar.
- All salty cheeses, cottage cheese species with sugar, butter.
- White varieties of rice, semolina and pasta in any form.
- Salt and marinades, vegetables of the bean family.
- Strawberries, grapes, figs, bananas, dates, jam, chocolate.
- Grapes, peach, and other species with increased sweetness.
With alarm signals, it is immediately necessary to go to the doctors if the symptoms of diabetes are found and start timely preventive measures, and the treatment course. Prevention is especially important for those who have a genetic tendency to type 2 diabetes, excess body weight or pathology in pancreatic.
Today, the patient with this ailment has relevant and real opportunities to avoid difficulties and stay at a high qualitative level of life. Any person can avoid and stop the spread of the consequences of the disease. Any sick is easily accessible to all kinds aimed at treating diabetes. This is a wide range of plant and synthetic variants of drugs, insulin preparations, devices for their input into the body, apparatus of the control type.
Today, unique courses and seminars aimed at teaching patients are available. High -class experts, professionals in their field in accessible and informatively introduce into the course of any desire and suffering on all issues related to the disease.
Important rules for diabetics
- Constant check and consultation with a cardiologist in order to avoid the development of atherosclerosis and heart attack.
- Tough pressure control.
- Frequent visit to the ophthalmological office, checking the visual apparatus.
- Checking the state of blood vessels and joints of the lower extremities.
- Staying in the fresh air is enough.